高考数学各章节占比情况
1. *** (必修1)与简易逻辑,复数(选修)。
分值在10分左右(一两道选择题,有时达到三道),考查的重点是计算能力, *** 多考察交并补运算,简易逻辑多为考查“充分与必要条件”及命题真伪的判别,复数一般考察模及分式运算。
2.函数(必修1指数函数、对数函数)与导数(选修),一般在高考中,至少三个小题一个大压轴题,分值在30分左右。
以指数函数、对数函数、及扩展函数函数为载体结合图象的变换(平移、伸缩、对称变换)、四性问题(单调性、奇偶性、周期性、对称性)以选择题、填空题考查的主要内容,其中函数的单调性和奇偶性有向抽象函数发展的趋势。
压轴题,文科以三次函数为主,理科以含有ex,lnx的复杂函数为主,以切线问题、极值最值问题、单调性问题、恒成立零点为设置条件,求解范围或证明结论为主。
3立体几何(必修2):分值在22分左右(两小一大),两小题以基本位置关系的判定与体积,内外截球,三视图计算为主,一大题以证明空间线面的位置关系和夹角计算为主,试题的命制载体可能趋向于不规则几何体,但仍以“方便建系”为原则。
4.解析几何(必修2+选修):必修2直线与圆的方程、选修圆锥曲线统称为解析几何,高考对解析几何的考查一般是三个小题一个大题,所占分值约30分。
其规律是线性规划、直线与圆各一个小题,涉及圆锥曲线的图形、定义或简单几何性质的问题一个小题,直线与圆锥曲线的综合问题一个大题。
圆锥曲线核心:运算,超越课本结论。
5.算法程序框图(必修3):一道选择题,主要以循环结构为主。
6.概率统计(必修3),排列、组合、二项式定理、(选修):分值在22分左右(两小一大),排列组合与二项式定理一般一个小题,大题理科以概率统计、文科以求概率的应用题为主理科考查重点为随机变量的分布列及数学期望,概率计算;文科以等可能事件、互斥事件、相互独立事件的概率求法为主。
特别要引起注意是以“正态分布”相关内容为题材,文科卷以“抽样”相关内容为题材设计试题。
7三角函数(必修4):分值在20分左右(两小一大,大题或有或无)。
三角函数考题大致为以下几类:一是三角函数的恒等变形,即应用同角变换和诱导公式,两角和差公式,二倍角公式,求三角函数值及化简、证明等问题;二是三角函数的图象和性质,即图像的平移、伸缩变换与对称变换、画图与视图,与单调性、周期性和对称性、最值有关的问题;三是三角形中的三角问题.
高考对这部分内容的命题有如下趋势:⑴降低了对三角变形的要求,加强了对三角函数的图象和性质的考察.⑵多是基础题,难度属中档偏易.⑶强调三角函数的工具性,加强了三角函数与其他知识的综合,如与向量知识、三角形问题、解析几何、立体几何的综合。
以三角形为载体,以三角函数为核心,以正余弦公式为主体,考查三角变换及其应用的能力,已成为考试热点。
8向量(必修4):分值在10分左右,一般有一道小题的纯向量题,另外在函数、三角、解析几何与立体几何中均可能结合出题。
9不等式(必修5);选择题多以基本不等式求最值为主,在解答题中中“隐蔽”出现,分值一般在10左右。
不等式涉及函数、数列、圆锥曲线等知识的考查。
10.数列(必修5):数列是高中数学的重要内容,题量一般是一个小题,一个大题或有或无(改成小题),有时还有一个与其它知识的综合题。
分值在15分左右,文科以应用等差、等比数列的概念、性质求通项公式、前n项和为主;理科以应用Sn或an之间的递推关系求通项、求和、证明有关性质为主。
11选做题一道(选修)
以下是 无 整理的《高考英语语音、词汇、句型的举一反三》,希望大家喜欢!
一、语音
1、单词读者判断的难点之一是许多单词的元音是发长音还是发短音。我们要善于从中找出规律性的东西。试看下列两组单词划线部分的读音:
Group Ⅰ:
forget forbid forever permit Saturday
vinegar grammar captain mountain
certain curtain information regret
Group Ⅱ:
certain curtain worthy
fortunately remarry
train contain gain
第一组单词划线部分都是发短元音,甚至弱化,因为它们都是在弱读音节中;第二组单词划线部分都是发双元音或长元音,因为它们都是在重读音节中。所以在判断一些单词的划线部分是读长元音还是短元音时,要从判断其位于重读还是弱读音节入手。
2、对于较规律性的东西,要进行归纳、对比,使之溶为一体,这样就会记得入耳入脑。如:mouth, path, bath, youth, earth, truth这些词以清辅音结尾,但当它们变成复数形式时,其词尾的清辅音变成浊辅音,而month, cloth, death, tenth, length等词都没有这种变化。其一般规律是:“th”前为双元音或长元音时要变;“th”前为短元音时则不变。再如:词首“ex”是发[igz],[iks]还是[eks]?许多同学感到困难,其实也有一些规律:
1)一般说来,以“ex”开头的单词,其后为元音音素,且重音落在第二个音节上的,“ex”发[igz]。如:example, examine, exist, examination, exhibit, exhaust(“h”不发音),exact, exactly, etc.
2)以“ex”开头的单词,其后为辅音音素,且重音落在第二个音节上的,“ek”发[iks]。如:exchange, experiment, expect, except, excuse, expense, extraordinary, etc.
3)以“ex”开头的单词,不管其后为何音素,只要第一个音节为重读或次重读的,“ex”发[eks]。如 :extra, expert, exercise, excellent, exhibition, expeditionary, etc.
3、把有关的词编成有意义的句子,读起来朗朗上口,便于记忆。如:[u],不符合的发[u:]:1)在[k]前面;2)在弱读音节中;3)A good wooden foot stood on a woolen hood(一条好木脚直立在一顶毛兜帽上),本句单词及它们的派生词:good, good-bye, wood, footmark, football, understood, misunderstood, wool, childhood, etc.
英语单词的读音没有既定的规律,但只要去认真分析、发现,还是可以找到许多“不成规律的规律”。
二、词汇
高考考查的词汇都是课本中的常见词,掌握这些词的难点不是识记其拼写,而是领会其确切含义,把握其固定搭配,弄通一词多性及一词多义。为达到上述目的,在复习中可采用下列方法:
1、利用一些典型例句,典型词汇,对其进行分析、归纳,从而达到培养逆向思维,提高应试能力。如:
1)He looked (A.calm; B.calmly)。答案是A.looked是系动词。
2)He looked (A.calm; B.calmly) at me.答案是B.looked是行为动词。
3)He looked friendly (A.at; B.to) me as if we were close friends.答案是B。主句为系表结构,friendly是形容词。
4)He looked (A.at; B.to) me in a friendly way as if we were close friends.答案是A。in afriendly way当方式状语。
再如:He got married at the age of 25.
He was healthy for his age.
He lived a happy life in his old age.
He grew impatient with age.
A leader can’t be judged by his age.
复习age一词,联系了at, for, in, with, by等介词的有关用法,达到了培养分析问题和解决问题的能力。
2、编成顺口溜,读起来朗朗上口,久而不忘。如:对于哪些动词后面的从句要用含蓄的虚拟语气,只要记住:一坚持,二命令,三建议,四要求。insist, order, command, advise, suggest, propose, request, require, demand, ask.就可掌握了十个词。再补上:be determined that, urge that, it’s decided that, hold the view that.中学阶段的此类动词就基本掌握了。
eg:1. I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting tonight.
2. He ordered that all (should) take part in the work.
3. They insisted that we (should) begin the work at once.
再如:哪些动词后面要跟省“to”的不定式或现在分词当宾补,只要记住:一感,二听,三让,四看。feel, hear, listen to, let(不跟现在分词),have, make(不跟现在分词),see, notice, watch, observe又可掌 握十个词。
eg:1. I had never seen it break out, until I saw it in the dying boy.
2.Now let me hear you play.
对于动词后面既可跟不定式又可跟动名词,但所表达的意义迥然不同的词,只要记住:一记,二忘,三遗憾,四试,五图,六停止。就可将remember, forget, regret, try, mean, stop六个单词记下了。
eg:1.To reach it meant climbing up a small set of steps.
2. What do you mean to do with it?
3. He tried to break away from me.
4. Try doing more exercises; you’ll soon lose weight.
对许多枯燥的识记材料,我们要善于从中找出内在的联系,利用找同义词,反义词,借助构词法或编成有意义的句子或顺口溜,可大大降低识记的难度。
三、句型
句型复习的重点要放在把握各句型间的异同点,主要有不同时态的相互联系与区别,从句间的相互转化及区别,以及简单句,复合句,并列句的区别与转化等。句型复习同样可以从典型例句入手,达到举一反三的效果。例如:
1、He didn’t tell me how he was getting on with his English.
I don’t know that he is getting on well with his English.
I don’t know what he is getting on well with.
I don’t know whether he is getting on well with his friend.
2、Because his mother was ill, he had to stay at home.(原因状语从句)
Because of his mother’s illness, he had to stay athome.(介词短语当状语)
With his mother ill, he had to stay at home. (介词的复合结构当状语)
His mother being ill, he had to stay at home.(独立主格结构当状语)
3、He has three children; two of them are daughters.(并列句)
He has three children, two of whom are daughters.(定语从句)
He has three children, two of them daughters.(同位句)
4、When the meeting will take place is still unknown.(主语从句)
I don’t know the meeting will take place.(宾语从句)
The question is when we’ll hold the meeting.(表语从句)
When the meeting takes place, I’ll let you know.(时间状语从句,从句以一般现在时表达将来时)
5、People usually build their houses where there are plenty of natural resource.(地点状语从句)
The books used to be kept in the house where there are lots of shelves.(定语从句,where可被 in which代替)
He has never been to where his grandfather was born.(宾语从句,where不可被其它词所代替)
Where the meeting will be held hasn’t been decided yet.(主语从句,where也不宜被其它词所代替 )
6、His being elected made his family wild with joy.(动名词作主语)
That he had been elected made his family wild with joy.(主语从句,that不可省略)
He having been elected, his family are wild with joy.(独立主格结构,用He而不是His)
总之,到了总复习阶段,对知识的掌握再也不能停留在一词组,一句型上,而要善于利用知识间的内在联系进行纵横类比,从词性转化,词义改变,连词选择,标点使用等方面去全方位把握知识间的内在联系与区别,只有这样才能达到融会贯通,举一反三,事半功倍的效果。